3.15. Input and Output

3.15.1. Input Description

The input variables used in the pre-voiding subassembly thermal hydraulics calculations are listed in Table 3.14.1. Some additional comments on some of these input variables are listed below.

3.15.1.1. Per Pin Basis

All of the core channel thermal hydraulic input to SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 is on a per pin basis rather than a per subassembly basis. Thus, the initial flow rate, W0, is kg/s per pin; and the perimeters SRFSTZ and SER are perimeters per pin. Also, ACCZ is a coolant flow area per pin, and the variables DZIAB and DZIAT are ratios of inertial lengths to flow areas per pin.

3.15.1.2. Structure/Duct Wall and Wrapper Wires

Typically a SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 channel represents an average pin in a subassembly. In this case, the structure normally represents one pin’s share of the duct wall, and it may also include the wrapper wire. If there are N pins in the subassembly, then the thickness used for the structure is the actual duct wall thickness, and the perimeter used for the structure is the duct wall perimeter divided by N. The wrapper wire can be either lumped with the cladding or included in the structure. Since wrapper wires are in much better contact with the cladding than with the duct wall, the most accurate treatment of the wrapper wire is probably to lump it with the cladding by increasing the specific heat of the cladding by enough to account for the total heat capacity of the cladding plus the wrapper wire. The cladding dimensions would not be changed.

The problem with lumping the wrapper wires with the duct wall to produce a single “structure” is that typically the duct wall has a much larger ratio of volume to wetted surface area than a wrapper wire, so the wrapper wire temperature will respond much more rapidly than the duct wall temperature to a change in coolant temperature. The heat capacity of the duct wall is considerably greater than the heat capacity of all of the wrapper wires in a subassembly, but the total perimeter of the wrapper wires is greater than the perimeter of the duct wall. If the duct wall and wrapper wires are lumped together, then the thickness of the structure should be determined by the thickness of the duct wall, since the duct wall contains most of the heat capacity. Then the perimeter of the structure should be chosen to conserve the total volume or total heat capacity of the duct wall plus wrapper wires.

A SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 channel can be used to represent a central pin rather than an average pin in a subassembly. In this case, the duct wall would probably be ignored, and the “structure: would represent only the wrapper wire. The perimeter of the structure would equal the perimeter of a wrapper wire, and the thickness of the structure would equal one half of the wrapper wire radius in order to conserve volume.

Table 3.15.1 Subassembly Thermal Hydraulics Input Variables

Variable	Reference Eq. No.	Input Variable	Input Block	Location Number	Suggested Value	External Reference
		NCHAN	1	1	1-34
		IFUEL1	1	3	1-8
		ICLAD1	1	4	1-3
		ITKEL	1	7	0 or 1
		IPOWOP	1	9	1
		MAXSTP	1	11	–
		IPO	1	12	20-50
		IPOBOI	1	13	20-50
		IBLPRT	1	14	0
		INAS3D	1	29	0
		ISSNUL	1	87	–
		IPRSNL	1	88
		EPSTEM	11	1	.1 or less
		DTMXB	11	6	.01
		DTFUEL	11	10	50
		DTCLAD	11	11	30
		POW	12	1
ρ	3.3.1	COEFDS(1)	13	1	11080
		COEFDS(2)	13	2	2.04x10-5
		COEFDS(3)	13	3	8.70x10-9
k	3.3.1	COEFK	13	4
k	3.3.1	EXKTB	13	11
		EXKTM	13	71
ρ	3.3.1	RHOTAB	13	91
		RHOTEM	13	251
k	3.3.1	XKTAB	13	420
		XKTEM	13	580
\({\overline{c}}_{\text{f}}\)	3.3-16	CPFTAB	13	606
		CPFTEM	13	766
Tsol	3.3-92	TFSOL	13	786
Tliq	3.3-93	TFLIQ	13	794
Umelt	3.3-3	UFMELT	13	802
Umelt	3.3-3	UEMELT	13	816
ce	3.3-32	CPCTAB	13	819
ρece		COCTEM	13	879
		CROETB	13	990
		CROETM	13	1050
px	3.12-1	PX	14	1
Tin	3.3-101	TOTAB	14	45
		TOTME	14	65
\(z_{\text{pll}}\)	3.9-30	ZPLENL	14	87
\(z_{\text{plu}}\)	3.9-27	ZPLENU	14	88
Mmix	3.3-99	XMXMSI	14	93
Mmix	3.3-99	XMXMS0	14	94
τmix	3.3-101	TIMMIX	14	95
		IRHOK	51	3
		NPLN	51	4	2-6
		NREFB	51	5	1-5
		NREFT	51	6	1-5
		NZNODE	51	7
NT		NT	51	14	4-11
		IFUELV	51	15	1-IFUEL1
		IFUELB	51	16	1-IFUEL1
		ICLADV	51	17	1-ICLAD1
		NGRDSP	51	18	0-10
		IHGAP	51	24	0 or 1
		NPIN	51	25	1 or more
		NSUBAS	51	26	1 or more
		MZUB	51	27	0-24
		MZLB	51	28	0-24
		ILAG	51	34	0
		IEQMAS	51	118	0
		IFRFAC	51	186
		NCHCH	51	205
		ICHCH	51	206
		JJMLTP	51	214
		IAXCON	51	284
Ac	3.3-5	ACCZ	61	1	>0
Δz	3.3-6	AXHI	61	8	>0
Dh	3.3-9	DHZ	61	32	>0
dsti	3.3-45	DSTIZ	61	39	>0
dsto	3.3-47	DSTOZ	61	46	>0
		PLENL	61	53	>0
		RBR	61	54	>ROUTFP
		RER	61	78	>RBR
rbrp	3.3-68	RBRPL	61	102	>0
rcrp	3.3-73	RERPL	61	103	>RBRPL
		RINFP	61	104
		ROUTFP	61	128	>RINFP
		ZONEL	61	152	>0
Spt	3.3-40	SRFSTZ	61	159
		AREAPC	61	166	>0
dro	3.3-59	DRFO	61	169	>0
		RBRO	61	180	>0
		RERO	61	181	>0
Scr	3.3-62	SER	61	182	>0
dri	3.3-56	DRFI	61	189	>0
NPI	3.11-1	XXNPIN	61	274	>0
γs	3.3-22	GAMSS	62	2
γc	3.3-6	GAMTNC	62	4
γe	3.3-23	GAMTNE	62	5
		PSHAPE	62	6
Pr	3.3-22	PSHAPR	62	30
		AHBPAR	63	2
		BHBPAR	63	3
		CHIBPAR	63	4
		HBMAX	63	5
		HBMIN	63	6
		HBPAR	63	7
ksi	3.3-43	XKSTIZ	63	11
kso	3.3-46	XKSTOZ	63	18
εσ	3.3-4	DEL	63	25
kr	3.3-57	XKRF	63	28
(ρc)sti	3.3-45	RHOCSI	63	37	>0
(ρc)sto	3.3-47	RHOCSO	63	44	>0
(ρc)r	3.3-56	RHOCR	63	51	>0
(ρc)g	3.3-68	RHOCG	63	58	>0
Rg	3.3-71	RG	63	59	>0
αf	3.10-4	FUELEX	63	73
αe	3.10-5	CLADEX	63	74
Yf	3.10-8	YFUEL	63	75
Ye	3.10-9	YCLAD	63	76
		FULREX	63	77
		CLDREX	63	78
\((\text{HA}_{\text{I,M}}\)	3.11-1	HACHCH	63	82
1/γht	3.3-116	TAVINV	63	104	.5-5
Afr	3.8-3	AFR	64	1	.1875
bfr	3.8-3	BFR	64	2	-.2
c1	3.3-9	C1	64	3	.025	2-5
c2	3.3-9	C2	64	4	.8	2-5
c3	3.3-9	C3	64	5	4.8	2-5
		DWMAX	64	6	.2
ReL	3.9-3	RELAM	64	7	2100
AfL	3.9-3	AFLAM	64	8	64
ReTR		RETRAN	64	8
C1		C1TRAN	64	9
C2		C2TRAN	64	9
C3		C3TRAN	64	9
		W0	64	47
Kor	3.9-12	XKORV	64	48
		XKORGD	64	64
\(\left(\frac{\Delta z_i}{A}\right)_{b}\)	3.9-6	DZIAB	64	65	>0
\(\left(\frac{\Delta z_i}{A}\right)_{f}\)	3.9-6	DZIAT	64	66
Tout	3.3.-100	DTLMAX	64	69	15
U1	3.10-1	TUPL	64	74
U2	3.10-2	UACH1	64	189
		UACH2	64	190

3.15.1.3. Empty Reflector Region

Sometimes a reflector zone is used to represent an empty section of a subassembly. The duct wall is usually represented by the structure; and since there is nothing but sodium inside the duct wall, there is nothing for the reflector to represent. The code requires a “reflector” in every axial zone except the pin section, so some input for the reflector must be included. The reflector perimeter, SER, cannot be zero; but it can be set to a very small value, such as \(10^{-9}\), so that it would have no impact on coolant temperatures. Also, the total reflector thickness, DRFI plus DRFO, must be a reasonable value, 0.003 m or more, to prevent numerical instabilities in the reflector temperature calculations in the boiling module. The pre-voiding reflector temperature calculations are numerically stable for any reflector greater than zero.

3.15.1.4. Structure and Reflector Node Thickness

Two radial nodes are used in the reflectors and in the structure. The only restrictions on node thicknesses are that the total reflector thickness and the total structure thickness must be reasonable; 0.003 m or more, to prevent numerical instabilities in the temperature calculations in the boiling module. Usually, the node in contact with the coolant, the inner structure node or the outer reflector node, represents approximately \(10\%\) of the total thickness; and the other node represents the rest. Then the small node in contact the coolant will react rapidly to rapid changes in the coolant temperatures, whereas the larger node will dominate the longer-term response to the slow changes.

3.15.1.5. Coolant Re-entry Temperature

If PRIMAR-1 is being used, then the re-entry temperature calculation described in Section 3.3.6 uses the input variable TUPL for the bulk temperature of the coolant in the outlet plenum. If PRIMAR-4 is being used, then the outlet plenum temperature is computed by PRIMAR-4; and TUPL is not used.

3.15.2. Output Description

Figure 3.14.1 shows a typical thermal hydraulic output for one step of the transient. The output is largely self-explanatory. Note that on the first page of this output the axial location, coolant temperature, saturation temperature, and pressure are the values at node boundaries; whereas the cladding, structure, plenum, and reflector temperatures are the values at node mid-points. Also, on the second page the radial fuel temperatures are the values at node mid-points except for the inner and outer fuel temperature, as indicated in Figure 3.2.4; whereas the radii are the values of radial node boundaries.

Figure 3.15.1 Sample Subassembly Thermal Hydraulics Output

Figure 3.15.2 Sample Subassembly Thermal Hydraulics Output (Cont’d.)

Figure 3.15.3 Sample Subassembly Thermal Hydraulics Output (Cont’d.)

3.15.3. Subchannel Information

This section provides additional information that is necessary to implement the subchannel model described in Section 3.14. This includes a brief user guide, followed by a sample problem, then a detailed overview of the required input. More information about the SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 preprocessor, which is available to expedite the input creation process for the subchannel model, can be found in Section 3.19.2.

3.15.3.1. User Guide

This user guide provides a quick summary of the grouping of channels and subassemblies and how to properly prepare the required input. Information about standard output and a binary plotting option is also given.

3.15.3.1.1. Channels, Subassemblies, and Groups

A basic feature of the core treatment is the concept of a channel. In simple terms a channel consists of a fuel pin and its associated coolant and structure. As used in the SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 code, a channel is a bit more involved. Figure 3.15.4 shows some details of a SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 channel if the three dimensional thermal hydraulics model is not being used. In the axial direction the whole length of the subassembly is modeled. A channel includes the whole fuel pin, including the fuel region, axial reflectors in the fuel pin, a gas plenum region at the top or bottom of the fuel pin. Also, a channel includes axial reflector zones above and below the fuel pins.

When the three dimensional thermal hydraulics model is used, the concept of a channel is even more involved. The three-dimensional treatment is used only in the pin section. Multiple channels are used in the pin section of a subassembly, but in the axial reflector zones a single channel treatment is used, as shown in Figure 3.15.5. The first channel used to represent a subassembly includes the pin section and the axial reflectors. All other channels used to represent the subassembly only include the pin section, as seen in Figure 3.15.6.

Figure 3.15.4 Details of SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 Axial and Radial Nodes (if 3-D Thermal Hydraulics Model is not Being Used)

Figure 3.15.5 Breakdown of Axial Regions and Treatments

Figure 3.15.6 3-D Thermal Hydraulics Input Channel Structure

Coolant flow enters a single channel at the bottom of the subassembly, flows through a single channel in the lower reflectors, splits into multiple flow paths in the pin section, and re-combines into a single flow path for the upper reflectors, as shown in Figure 3.15.7. In the pin section, cross-flow between the channels representing a subassembly is accounted for.

Figure 3.15.7 Subchannel Model Flow Diagram

If one is modeling a reactor without solid duct walls, then accounting for cross-flow between subassemblies is desirable. In order to handle this situation, the concept of a group of channels was incorporated in the model. If solid duct walls are used, then there will be a one-to-one correspondence between subassemblies and groups. If solid duct walls are not used then a group can include many subassemblies, maybe even the whole core. Cross flow between adjacent channels in the whole group is accounted for, but again cross flow is only accounted for in the pin section. The reflector zones are included only in the first channel in a group. Channels are still combined into subassemblies for some edits, even if multiple subassemblies are included in a group. The maximum number of channels that can be included in a group is limited only by the amount of computer memory available for temporary storage of coolant variables during the simultaneous solution of the coolant conditions in all channels in the group. This temporary storage memory is allocated dynamically at run time based on the maximum group size.

Subassembly numbers are assigned by the user by setting the input variable ISUBAS (location 89 of block 51). Group numbers are assigned by the code on the basis of input variable JJMLTP (location 214 of block 51). If JJMLTP for a channel is greater than or equal to zero, then a new group is started. If \(\text{JJMLTP} < 0\), then the channel is part of the current group.

3.15.3.1.2. Preparing Input for a Case

One issue to be addressed when preparing input for a case using the new three dimensional thermal hydraulics core model is the amount of detail to be used for various parts of the core. If enough computer memory and computer speed are available, then one could analyze every coolant subchannel and every fuel pin in the core. It is also possible to analyze some subassemblies with the detailed subchannel treatment shown in Figure 3.14.1, to analyze other subassemblies with a somewhat less detailed treatment such as that shown in Figure 3.15.8, and to analyze the rest of the core using one channel to represent a subassembly or a group of similar subassemblies.

The amount of input required for even a moderately sized case can be considerable. Some input is required for each channel, and the number of channels can easily be very large. Fortunately, most of the input for the new model is fairly repetitive, and much of it can be automated by a preprocessor. Section 3.19.2.3 describes a preprocessor that has been written for the SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 code with the new model.

Figure 3.15.8 Subchannels Grouped in Rings

3.15.3.1.3. Controlling the Amount of Standard Output

The standard output from SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 includes tables of temperatures, pressures and coolant flow rates for each axial node and each radial node in each channel. These tables are printed out for the steady-state results and for every IPO (location 12, input block 1) time steps during the transient. Even before the new three-dimensional thermal hydraulic model was added to the code, the problem of excessive amounts of output from the code was recognized. An input variable, IPRSKP (location 274, block 51) can be used to skip output from specified channels. Also, before the new model was added to the code, reactivity feedback components for each channel were printed out for each step of the transient. Now the reactivity feedback components are printed out for each subassembly rather than for each channel.

3.15.3.1.4. Binary Output for Plotting

The new model includes a provision for writing a binary output file on unit 24. This output file can contain user specified values calculated by the new model. It is anticipated that plotting programs will use this file to plot results from the new model. The user can specify which data is included on unit 24, how often that data is written, and for which channels.

The SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 code writes a number of binary output files other than the unit 24 file mentioned above. The CHANNEL.dat binary file reports reactor power and reactivity feedback in addition to temperatures of fuel, clad, and structure, and coolant flow rates for all channels. The CHANNEL.dat file can be extremely large if using the subchannel model, as a full thermal hydraulic dataset is provided for each subchannel in the binary output. While the user cannot control what channels are included in CHANNEL.dat, the user can control the frequency of output using the MSTPLA, MSTPLB, MSTPL1, MSTPL2, and MSTPL3 (INPCOM:107-111) input fields.

3.15.3.2. Sample Problem

Figure 3.15.9 shows output from a sample problem run with the new model. This test case uses two 19 pin subassemblies with subassembly-to-subassembly heat transfer. Selected coolant temperatures from one of the subassemblies are shown in Figure 3.15.9. The transient was a simulated scram with a delayed pump trip and little natural circulation head in the primary loop. Temperatures drop rapidly due to the scram and then rise after the pump trip until enough buoyancy is established in the subassemblies to increase the flow rate and stop the temperature rise. Flow reversal occurred in the center subchannels from 22.5 seconds to 83.5 seconds in the transient. Flow reversal occurred in the edge subchannels from 22.0 seconds to 111.25 seconds.

The case described above used two subassemblies, each containing 19 pins and 42 coolant subchannels in the pin section. Four axial nodes were used in a lower reflector below the pin section, 24 axial nodes were used in the core, 6 axial nodes were used in the gas plenum region above the core, and 5 axial nodes were used in a reflector above the pins. A null transient of 50 steps with a time step of 1.0 second was used for each subassembly separately. Then a 50 step null transient using both subassemblies and subassembly-to-subassembly heat transfer was run with a time step of 0.5 seconds. Finally the regular transient was run for 1200 steps using a time step of 0.25 seconds. The null transients started with 35 iterations per step and got down to 2 iterations per step as they converged on a steady-state solution. The regular transient required between 12 and 21 iterations per step. The total running time was 867 seconds on a Sun Blade computer with a 500 MHz processor.

Figure 3.15.9 Results for a Scram with a Delayed Pump Trip

3.15.3.3. Input Description

Input for the SAS4A/SASSYS‑1 code is read into numbered locations in input blocks. Each input block has a name and a number. Below is a listing of the additional input variables that are used for the new three-dimensional thermal-hydraulic core model. A description of each input can be found in the User Guide in Chapter 2.

Table 3.15.2 Detailed Subchannel Model Input Variables

Variable	Reference Eq. No.	Input Variable	Input Block	Location Number	Suggested Value	External Reference
		ISSNUL	1	87
		ISCH	1	115
		ISUBAS	51	89
		JJMLTP	51	214
		JCHMPN(K)	51	215-218
		NUMKLT	51	219
		KSWIRL	51	220
		NULSTI	51	221
		IFT24	51	495
		ILATF	51	496
		NFT24	51	501
		JCFT24(K)	51	502-521
		ITYPE24(K)	51	522-541
		NULPT1	51	542
	3.14-7	UACHM1(K)	64	197-200
	3.14-8	UACHM2(K)	64	201-204
		ALATRL(K)	64	205-208
		XKLAT(K)	64	209-212
		DPLTLM	64	213
		XKSWRL	64	214
		DTNUL1	64	215
		EPSFLW	64	216
		EPSTMP	64	217
		EPSPRS	64	218	1.0
		XCMPRS	64	219
		XLINRT	64	220